The optimal design of a water heater system is critical for achieving enhanced heat transfer and reduced energy consumption. In this study, a comprehensive review of various design aspects will be presented to identify the most efficient ways of increasing the heat transfer in a water heater system, focusing on the field of solar water heaters.
A major factor that affects the efficiency of a solar water heater system is the type of collector used. For instance, horizontal water collectors are widely used due to their simple design and easy installation, whereas evacuated tube collectors are preferred for their higher temperature range and improved efficiency. An evacuated tube collector is typically comprised of an inner tube, an outer tube, and a vacuum in between to minimize radiation losses.
In addition to the collector type, surface roughness is another key design factor for increased heat transfer.
